Every one charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has all guarantees necessary for his defence.
Article(11.2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or onnission which did constitute a penal offence, under national or international law , at the time when it was commited .Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.
No one shall be bjected to arbitrary interference which his privacy, fanily, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation.Every one has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Every one has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Every one is entitled in full equality to a fair and public heauing by an independent and impartial tribunal,in the determination of his rights and of any criminal charge against him.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rihgts. They are endowed with reason and conseience and should act towards one another in spirit of brotherhood.
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the bases of the political, juriscictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belogs, whether it be incependent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other linitation of sovereignty.
အၿပည္ၿပည္ဆုိင္ရာလူ႔အခြင့္ေရးေက်ညာစာတမ္းကို ၁၉၄၈ခုႏွစ္ ကုလသမဂၢအေထြေထြညီလာခံ တြင္ ၊ စတင္အသုံးၿပဳၿပီး ၊ ထုိႏွစ္ ဒီဇင္ဘာလ၁၀ရက္ေန႔တြင္၊ ၿပင္သစ္ႏုိင္ငံရွိ Palais de chaillot တြင္ အတည္ၿပဳခဲ႔သည္ ၊ ကမၻာ႔အံဘြယ္အၿခင္းအရာမ်ားကိုေရးသားထားသည္႔ The Guinness book 0f Records စာအုပ္တြင္ လူ႔အခြင္႔ေရးေက်ညာစာတမ္းသည္ ၊ ကမၻာေပၚတြင္အမ်ားဆုံးဘာ သာၿပန္ ဆုိထားရသည္႔ စာတမ္းတခုအၿဖစ္အသိမွတ္ၿပဳခံသည္႔အထိ ၾကီးက်ယ္ခဲ႔ေသာစာတမ္းတ ေဆာင္ ၿဖစ္ပါသည္ ၊ ထိုိစာတမ္းၾကီးတြင္ ဒုတိယကမၻာစစ္ၿပီးသည္႔ေနာက္ပိုင္း ကမၻာတ၀ွမ္းမွ ေတာင္းဆုိခဲ႔ေသာ လူသားတုိင္းသာတူညီမွ်အခြင္႔အေရးရရွိရန္ဟူေသာ အေၾကာင္းအရာအခ်က္ လက္မ်ားကိုအေၿခခံၿပီး ၊ ႏုိင္ငံတကာႏွင္႔ ဆက္ဆံမႈ ၊ ၿပည္တြင္းလူ႕အခြင္႔အေရးအုတ္ၿမစ္ခ်ႏုိင္ေစ ရန္ဥပေဒႏွင္႔ႏုိင္ငံတုိင္းတြင္အေၿခခံဥပေဒအၿဖစ္ထည္႔သြင္းမွီးၿငမ္းေရးသားႏုိင္ရန္ဟူေသာအခ်က္တို႕ ကို အေၿခခံ၍ ဤအခ်က္၃၀ ရွိေသာလူ႔အခြင္႔ေရးေက်ညာစာတမ္းကို ကုသလမဂၢအေထြေထြညီ လာခံ၏တာ၀န္ေပးခ်က္အရ ၊ John Peters Humphrey (ကေနဒါ) Rene Cassin(ျပင္သစ္) P. C. Chang (တရုတ္) Charles Malik (လက္ဘႏြန္) Eleanor Roosevelt (အေမရိကန္),စေသာ ဥပေဒပညာရွင္မ်ားႏွင္႔ အသိပညာ ရွင္အတတ္ပညာရွင္မ်ားက စုေပါင္းေရး သားၿပဳစုခဲ႔ၿခင္းၿဖစ္သည္...။
ေက်ညာခ်က္၏နိဒါန္းတြင္
PREAMBLE
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,
Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,
Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,
Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,
Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
MUMBAI, India – It looks like an iPad, only it's 1/14th the cost: India has unveiled the prototype of a $35 basic touchscreen tablet aimed at students, which it hopes to bring into production by 2011.
If the government can find a manufacturer, the Linux operating system-based computer would be the latest in a string of "world's cheapest" innovations to hit the market out of India, which is home to the 100,000 rupee ($2,127) compact Nano car, the 749 rupees ($16) water purifier and the $2,000 open-heart surgery.
The tablet can be used for functions like word processing, web browsing and video-conferencing. It has a solar power option too - important for India's energy-starved hinterlands - though that add-on costs extra.
"This is our answer to MIT's $100 computer," human resource development minister Kapil Sibal told the Economic Times when he unveiled the device Thursday.
In 2005, Nicholas Negroponte - co-founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Media Lab - unveiled a prototype of a $100 laptop for children in the developing world. India rejected that as too expensive and embarked on a multiyear effort to develop a cheaper option of its own.
Negroponte's laptop ended up costing about $200, but in May his nonprofit association, One Laptop Per Child, said it plans to launch a basic tablet computer for $99.
Sibal turned to students and professors at India's elite technical universities to develop the $35 tablet after receiving a "lukewarm" response from private sector players. He hopes to get the cost down to $10 eventually.
Mamta Varma, a ministry spokeswoman, said falling hardware costs and intelligent design make the price tag plausible. The tablet doesn't have a hard disk, but instead uses a memory card, much like a mobile phone. The tablet design cuts hardware costs, and the use of open-source software also adds to savings, she said.
Varma said several global manufacturers, including at least one from Taiwan, have shown interest in making the low-cost device, but no manufacturing or distribution deals have been finalized. She declined to name any of the companies.
India plans to subsidize the cost of the tablet for its students, bringing the purchase price down to around $20.
"Depending on the quality of material they are using, certainly it's plausible," said Sarah Rotman Epps, an analyst at Forrester Research. "The question is, is it good enough for students?"
Profitability is also a question for the $35 machine.
Epps said government subsidies or dual marketing - where higher-priced sales in the developed world are used to subside low-cost sales in markets like India - could convince a manufacturer to come on board.
This and similar efforts - like the Kakai Kno and the Entourage Edge tablets - show that there is global demand for an affordable device to trim high textbook costs, she said.
If it works, Epps predicts the device could send a shiver of cost-consciousness through the industry.
"It puts pressure on all device manufacturers to keep costs down and innovate," she said.
The project is part of an ambitious education technology initiative by the Indian government, which also aims to bring broadband connectivity to India's 25,000 colleges and 504 universities and make study materials available online.
So far nearly 8,500 colleges have been connected and nearly 500 web and video-based courses have been uploaded on YouTube and other portals, the Ministry said.